To date, direct validation of city-wide emissions inventories for air pollutants has been difficult or impossible. However, recent technological innovations now allow direct measurement of pollutant fluxes from cities, for comparison with emissions inventories, which are themselves commonly used for prediction of current and future air quality and to help guide abatement strategies. Fluxes of NOx were measured using the eddy-covariance technique from an aircraft flying at low altitude over London. The highest fluxes were observed over central London, with lower fluxes measured in suburban areas. A footprint model was used to estimate the spatial area from which the measured emissions occurred. This allowed comparison of the flux measurements to the UK's National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) for NOx, with scaling factors used to account for the actual time of day, day of week and month of year of the measurement. The comparison suggests significant underestimation of NOx emissions in London by the NAEI, mainly due to its under-representation of real world road traffic emissions. A comparison was also carried out with an enhanced version of the inventory using real world driving emission factors and road measurement data taken from the London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (LAEI). The measurement to inventory agreement was substantially improved using the enhanced version, showing the importance of fully accounting for road traffic, which is the dominant NOx emission source in London. In central London there was still an underestimation by the inventory of 30-40% compared with flux measurements, suggesting significant improvements are still required in the NOx emissions inventory.
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Beginning in 1963, the founding rationale of Advances in Parasitology was to provide authentic, well-documented reviews by leading experts, about the progress being made in their area of specialism to inform the wider cadre of parasitologists, disseminating this information across allied disciplines and all users. Some 55 years later, the Series has accumulated over 667 published articles, with just over 650 authors contributing either alone or in collaboration, and has successfully served the parasitological needs of medical, veterinary and wildlife scientific communities with equity, notwithstanding treatises on vectors or intermediate hosts, as well as 'honorary parasites' such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. The first production of Advances in Parasitology united the publishing offices of Academic Press in the USA (New York) and the UK (London), maintaining Webster or Oxford writing styles, but unlike its production, all seven editors, beginning with Professor Ben Dawes, have been UK-based. While Advances in Parasitology is now published by Elsevier from their London Office, it still follows the tradition of hard backed book production, in either eclectic or thematic volume formats. But now, following academic imperatives, the Series supports online posting, allowing chapter(s) to be downloaded ahead of final production of the hard back volume. With the 100th volume of Advances in Parasitology, in eclectic format like the very first, there is good reason to celebrate and reflect on the academic impact and enduring legacy of this Series. Seen not only as a yardstick of publishing success but also as a testament, in part, to our fascination with parasites, these cursorily simple yet wonderfully complex organisms that often cause undue harm and much suffering, is still as vibrant, expanding and relevant as ever before. 2018 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. 2ff7e9595c
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